Clinical References

NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)

National Comprehensive Cancer Network

Version 1.2026

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

Casali PG, Blay JY, Abecassis N, et al.

Ann Oncol. 2022;33(1):20-33

AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th Edition — Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al.

Springer; 2017

Protocol for the Examination of Specimens From Patients With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)

College of American Pathologists

CAP Cancer Protocols, Version 4.3.0.0 (2023)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: pathology and prognosis at different sites

Miettinen M, Lasota J.

Semin Diagn Pathol. 2006;23(2):70-83

Risk stratification of patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Joensuu H.

Hum Pathol. 2008;39(10):1411-9

Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A consensus approach

Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C, et al.

Hum Pathol. 2002;33(5):459-65

Risk of recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumour after surgery: an analysis of pooled population-based cohorts

Joensuu H, Vehtari A, Riihimäki J, et al.

Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(3):265-274

Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for recurrence-free survival after complete surgical resection of localised primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a retrospective analysis

Gold JS, Gönen M, Gutiérrez A, et al.

Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(11):1045-1052

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Survival Statistics

National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program

SEER*Stat Database: Incidence - SEER Research Data, 17 Registries, Nov 2024 Sub (2000-2022), released April 2025

Natural history of imatinib-naive GISTs: a retrospective analysis of 929 cases with long-term follow-up and development of a survival nomogram based on mitotic index and size as continuous variables

Rossi S, Miceli R, Messerini L, et al.

Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35(11):1646-1656

Two hundred gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for survival

DeMatteo RP, Lewis JJ, Leung D, et al.

Ann Surg. 2000;231(1):51-58

Tumor mitotic rate, size, and location independently predict recurrence after resection of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

DeMatteo RP, Gold JS, Saran L, et al.

Cancer. 2008;112(3):608-615

Adjuvant imatinib mesylate after resection of localised, primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

DeMatteo RP, Ballman KV, Antonescu CR, et al.

Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1097-104

A randomized study of 6 versus 3 years of adjuvant imatinib in patients with localized GIST at high risk of relapse

Blay JY, Schiffler C, Bouché O, et al.

Ann Oncol. 2024;35(12):1157-1168

One vs three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a randomized trial

Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Sundby Hall K, et al.

JAMA. 2012;307(12):1265-1272

Survival Outcomes Associated With 3 Years vs 1 Year of Adjuvant Imatinib for Patients With High-Risk Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: An Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial After 10-Year Follow-up

Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Sundby Hall K, Reichardt A, Hermes B, et al.

JAMA Oncol. 2020;6(8):1241-1246

Time to Definitive Failure to the First Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Localized GI Stromal Tumors Treated With Imatinib As an Adjuvant: A European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group Intergroup Randomized Trial in Collaboration With the Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group

Casali PG, Le Cesne A, Poveda Velasco A, et al.

J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(36):4276-4283

Final analysis of the randomized trial on imatinib as an adjuvant in localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors from the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group, the Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group, and others

Casali PG, Le Cesne A, Velasco AP, et al.

Ann Oncol. 2021;32(4):533-541

Efficacy and Tolerability of 5-Year Adjuvant Imatinib Treatment for Patients With Resected Intermediate- or High-Risk Primary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: The PERSIST-5 Clinical Trial

Raut CP, Espat NJ, Maki RG, et al.

JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(12):e184060

Effect of KIT and PDGFRA Mutations on Survival in Patients With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treated With Adjuvant Imatinib: An Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Joensuu H, Wardelmann E, Sihto H, et al.

JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(5):602-609

Pathologic and molecular features correlate with long-term outcome after adjuvant therapy of resected primary GI stromal tumor: the ACOSOG Z9001 trial

Corless CL, Ballman KV, Antonescu CR, et al.

J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(15):1563-1570

Adjuvant Imatinib for High-Risk GI Stromal Tumor: Analysis of a Randomized Trial

Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Sundby Hall K, et al.

J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(3):244-250

Risk factors for gastrointestinal stromal tumor recurrence in patients treated with adjuvant imatinib

Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Sundby Hall K, et al.

Cancer. 2014;120(15):2325-2333

Comparison of two doses of imatinib for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a meta-analysis of 1,640 patients

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Meta-Analysis Group (MetaGIST)

J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1247-1253

KIT mutations and dose selection for imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours

Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Le Cesne A, et al.

Eur J Cancer. 2006;42(8):1093-1103

Adjuvant Imatinib or Observation in Patients With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors With KIT Exon 9 Mutations

Napolitano A, Joensuu H, Rothschild S, Evans D, Heinrich MC, et al.

JAMA Oncol. 2026

A nomogram for predicting recurrence-free survival in patients with high-risk GIST receiving adjuvant imatinib: A nationwide registry study

Yeh CN, Shan YS, Yang CY, Hsiao CF, Tsai CH, et al.

Exp Ther Med. 2026

Phase II trial of neoadjuvant/adjuvant imatinib mesylate (IM) for advanced primary and metastatic/recurrent operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): early results of RTOG 0132/ACRIN 6665

Eisenberg BL, Harris J, Blanke CD, et al.

J Surg Oncol. 2009;99(1):42-47

A randomized, phase II study of preoperative plus postoperative imatinib in GIST: evidence of rapid radiographic response and temporal induction of tumor cell apoptosis

McAuliffe JC, Hunt KK, Lazar AJ, et al.

Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(4):910-919

Clinical outcomes of Phase II trial of neoadjuvant/adjuvant imatinib mesylate for advanced primary and recurrent/metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor: long-term follow-up results of RTOG 0132

Wang D, Zhang Q, Blanke CD, et al.

Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(4):1074-1080

Avapritinib in advanced PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumour (NAVIGATOR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1 trial

Heinrich MC, Jones RL, von Mehren M, et al.

Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(7):935-946

Outcome of patients with platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era

Cassier PA, Fumagalli E, Rutkowski P, et al.

Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(16):4458-4464

Avapritinib in unresectable or metastatic PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumours: Long-term efficacy and safety data from the NAVIGATOR phase I trial

Jones RL, Serrano C, von Mehren M, et al.

Eur J Cancer. 2021;145:132-142

Quality of Surgery and Outcome in Localized Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treated Within an International Intergroup Randomized Clinical Trial of Adjuvant Imatinib

Gronchi A, Bonvalot S, Poveda Velasco A, et al.

JAMA Surg. 2020;155(6):e200397

Pattern of recurrence in patients with ruptured primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour

Hohenberger P, Ronellenfitsch U, Oladeji O, et al.

Br J Surg. 2010;97(12):1854-1859

Definition and clinical significance of tumour rupture in gastrointestinal stromal tumours of the small intestine

Hølmebakk T, Bjerkehagen B, Boye K, et al.

Br J Surg. 2016;103(6):684-691

Recurrence-free survival after resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumours classified according to a strict definition of tumour rupture: a population-based study

Hølmebakk T, Bjerkehagen B, Boye K, et al.

Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25(5):1133-1139

Genotype and risk of tumour rupture in gastrointestinal stromal tumour

Boye K, Berner JM, Hølmebakk T, et al.

Br J Surg. 2018;105(2):e169-e175

Tumor genotype is an independent prognostic factor in primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors of gastric origin: a multi-institutional analysis based on ConticaGIST

Wozniak A, Rutkowski P, Schöffski P, et al.

Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(23):6105-6116

Physician Underestimation of the Risk of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Recurrence After Resection

Guerin A, Sasane M, Gauthier G, et al.

JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(6):797-805